What Was the Long March

Imagine leading your troops on a retreat through territory so deadly that it kills 90% of them.  Imagine climbing through some of the highest mountain ranges on Earth, fording flooded rivers without any boats or safety equipment, and crossing rickety rope bridges while under enemy fire.  Imagine being one of the soldiers on this retreat, perhaps a pregnant female soldier, possibly even with bound feet. This is the myth and to some extent the reality, of the Chinese Red Armys Long March of 1934 and 1935. The Long March was an epic retreat by the three Red Armies of China that took place in 1934 and 1935, during the Chinese Civil War.  It was a key moment in the civil war, and also in the development of communism in China.  A leader of the communist forces emerged from the horrors of the march—Mao Zedong, who would go on to lead them to victory over the Nationalists. Background Early in 1934, the communist Red Army of China was on its heels, outnumbered and outgunned by the Nationalists or Kuomintang (KMT), led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek.  Chiangs troops had spent the previous year deploying a tactic called the Encirclement Campaigns, in which his larger armies encircled communist strongholds and then crushed them.   The Red Armys strength and morale were seriously undermined as it faced defeat after defeat, and suffered numerous casualties. Threatened with extermination by the better-led and more numerous Kuomintang, about 85% of the Communist troops fled west and north.  They left a rearguard to defend their retreat; interestingly, the rearguard suffered far fewer casualties than the Long March participants. The March From their base in Jiangxi Province, southern China, the Red Armies set out in October of 1934, and according to Mao, marched some 12,500 kilometers (about 8,000 miles). More recent estimates put the distance at a much shorter but still impressive 6,000 km (3,700 miles). This estimate is based on measurements two British trekkers made while retracing the route—a large arc that ended in Shaanxi Province. Mao himself had been demoted before the march and was also sick with malaria.  He had to be carried for the first several weeks in a litter, borne by two soldiers.  Maos wife, He Zizhen, was very pregnant when the Long March began.  She gave birth to a daughter along the way and gave the child to a local family. As they made their way west and north, the communist forces stole food from local villagers.  If the locals refused to feed them, the Red Armies might take people hostage and ransom them for food, or even force them to join the march.  In later Party mythology, however, the local villagers welcomed the Red Armies as liberators and were grateful for being rescued from the rule of local warlords. One of the first incidents that would become a communist legend was the Battle for Luding Bridge on May 29, 1935.  Luding is a chain suspension bridge over the Dadu River in Sichuan Province, on the border with Tibet.  According to the official history of the Long March, 22 brave communist soldiers seized the bridge from a larger group of Nationalist forces armed with machine guns.  Because their foes had removed the cross-boards from the bridge, the communists crossed by hanging from the underside of the chains and shimmying across under enemy fire. In reality, their opponents were a small group of soldiers belonging to a local warlords army.  The warlords troops were armed with antique muskets; it was Maos forces that had machine guns.  The communists forced several local villagers to cross the bridge before them—and the warlords troops shot them all down.  However, once the Red Army soldiers engaged them in battle, the local militia pulled back very quickly.  It was in their best interest to get the communist army through their territory as fast as possible.  Their commander was more concerned about his supposed allies, the Nationalists, who might pursue the Red Army into his lands, and then take direct control of the area. The First Red Army wanted to avoid confronting either the Tibetans to the west or the Nationalist army to the east, so they crossed the 14,000-foot (4,270-meter) Jiajinshan Pass in the Snowy Mountains in June.  The troops carried packs weighing between 25 and 80 pounds on their backs as they climbed.  At that time of year, snow was still heavy on the ground, and many soldiers died of hunger or exposure. Later in June, Maos First Red Army met up with the Fourth Red Army, led by Zhang Guotao, an old rival of Maos.  Zhang had 84,000 well-fed troops, while Maos remaining 10,000 were weary and starving.  Nonetheless, Zhang was supposed to defer to Mao, who held a higher rank in the Communist Party.   This union of the two armies is called the Great Joining.  To meld their forces, the two commanders switched subcommanders; Maos officers marched with Zhang and Zhangs with Mao.  The two armies were divided evenly so that each commander had 42,000 of Zhangs soldiers and 5,000 of Maos.  Nonetheless, tensions between the two commanders soon doomed the Great Joining. Late in July, the Red Armies ran into an impassable flooded river.  Mao was determined to continue northward because he was counting on getting resupplied by the Soviet Union through Inner Mongolia.  Zhang wanted to travel back to the southwest, where his power base was located.  Zhang sent a coded message to one of his subcommanders, who was in Maos camp, ordering him to seize Mao and take control of the First Army.  However, the sub commander was very busy, so handed the message to a lower ranking officer to decode.  The lower officer happened to be a Mao loyalist, who did not give Zhangs orders to the subcommander.  When his planned coup failed to materialize, Zhang simply took all of his troops and headed south.  Ã‚  He soon ran into the Nationalists, who essentially destroyed his Fourth Army the following month. Maos First Army struggled north, in late August of 1935 running into the Great Grasslands or Great Morass. This area is a treacherous swamp where the Yangtze and Yellow River drainages divide at 10,000 feet in elevation.  The region is beautiful, covered with wildflowers in the summer, but the ground is so spongy that the exhausted soldiers were sinking into the mire and could not free themselves. There was no firewood to be found, so soldiers burned grass to toast grain instead of boiling it. Hundreds died of hunger and exposure, worn out with the effort of digging themselves and their comrades out of the muck.  Survivors later reported that the Great Morass was the worst part of the entire Long March. The First Army, now down to 6,000 soldiers, faced one additional obstacle.  To cross into Gansu Province, they needed to get through the Lazikou Pass.  This mountain passage narrows down to a mere 12 feet (4 meters) in places, making it highly defensible.  Nationalist forces had built blockhouses near the top of the pass and armed the defenders with machine guns.  Mao sent fifty of his soldiers who had mountaineering experience up the cliff face above the blockhouses.  The communists threw grenades down on the Nationalists position, sending them running. By October of 1935, Maos First Army was down to 4,000 soldiers.  His survivors joined forces in Shaanxi Province, their final destination, with the few remaining troops from Zhangs Fourth Army, as well as the remnants of the Second Red Army. Once it was ensconced in the relative safety of the north, the combined Red Army was able to recover and rebuild itself, finally defeating the Nationalist forces more than a decade later, in 1949.  However, the retreat was disastrous in terms of human losses and suffering. The Red Armies left Jiangxi with an estimated 100,000 troops and recruited more along the way. A mere 7,000 made it to Shaanxi—fewer than one in 10. (Some unknown amount of the reduction in forces was due to desertions, rather than deaths.) Maos reputation as the most successful of the Red Armys commanders seems odd, given the enormous casualty rate his troops suffered.  However, the humiliated Zhang was never able to challenge Maos leadership again after his own completely catastrophic defeat at the hands of the Nationalists. The Myth Modern Chinese Communist mythology celebrates the Long March as a great victory, and it did preserve the Red Armies from complete annihilation (barely). The Long March also solidified Maos position as the leader of the Communist forces. It plays such an important role in the Communist Partys history of itself that for decades, the Chinese government forbade historians from researching the event, or talking with survivors.  The government rewrote history, painting the armies as liberators of the peasants, and exaggerating incidents like the Battle for Luding Bridge. Much of the communist propaganda surrounding the Long March is hype rather than history.  Interestingly, this is also true in Taiwan, where the defeated KMT leadership fled at the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949.  The KMT version of the Long March held that the communist troops were little better than barbarians, wild men (and women) who came down out of the mountains to fight the civilized Nationalists. Sources A Military History of China, David A. Graff Robin Higham, eds. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2012.Russon, Mary-Ann. Today in History: The Long March of the Red Army in China, International Business Times, Oct. 16, 2014.Salisbury, Harrison. The Long March: The Untold Story, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.Snow, Edgar. Red Star over China: The Classic Account of the Birth of Chinese Communism, Grove / Atlantic, Inc., 2007.Sun Shuyun. The Long March: The True History of Communist Chinas Founding Myth, New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing, 2010.Watkins, Thayer. The Long March of the Communist Party of China, 1934-35, San Jose State University, Department of Economics, accessed June 10, 2015.

The Decline Of The Plague - 1947 Words

In 14th century Europe during its medieval period there was a pandemic that killed many people all over Europe and Asia called the Black Death. This disease spread fast with the increasing trade between all the people in Europe through its complex system of trade routes. At this time everybody was unsure on where the plague came from. The plague was affecting both the packed urban areas and the rural areas of Europe as well. Without knowledge of sanitation and medicine this spread rapidly and many people were affected by the plague. The period before the plague was very important to medieval Europe. It was times of prosper for the majority of Europe. There was an increase in trade and agriculture and communication with the inhabitants.†¦show more content†¦Where food was not being produced to due to cold to supply Europe with food (Cole and Symes 355). Modern scholars and historians believed that the plague began in china, and then spread to the Crimean Where the Chinese’s traders exchange goods and silk with European merchants. At the same time European ships where in the dock of caffa when the Mongolian army introduce the plague when they raided the port city. Which were trekking across Europe taking advantage of the weak East Asians and Europeans cities. The bubonic plague called the Black Death began in the borderland region between India, China and Burma in the Himalayan foothills. It began to appear in China about 1330 CE and reached the Crimeas port of Caffa in 1346 CE . then traveling fro m the flea infested rats on the merchant vassals. It spread From the Crimea port of Caffa on the black sea, the plague travelled to Constantinople and Sicily in the year 1347 CE, Egypt and Syria in 1348 CE, and spread to the rest of Europe the following years (Pamuk 293). The bacteria Yersinia pestis is present in infected rats and other rodents and is transmitted to humans by the bite of a flea. However the flea that is infected by the plague regurgitates the bacteria into human’s blood stream. When the human is infected the bacteria is carried by the lymphatic system to the lymph node closest to the bit. Those affected are marked by enlarged lymph glands and

Organ And Organ Of Organ Transplantation - 2652 Words

Recognized as one of the most gripping medical advances of the century, organ transplantation provides a way of giving the gift of life to patients with terminal failure of vital organs. Organ transplantation requires the participation of both fellow human beings and of society by donating organs from deceased or living individuals. The ever increasing rate of organ failure and the inadequate supply of organs have created a significant gap between organ supply and organ demand. This gap has resulted in extremely lengthy waiting times to receive an organ as well as an increased number of deaths among those waiting for an organ. These events have raised many ethical, moral and societal issues regarding supply, the methods of organ allocation and the use of living donors as volunteers including minors. It has also led to the practice of organ sale by entrepreneurs for financial gains in some parts the world through exploitation of the poor, for the benefit of the wealthy. This paper presents valuable information regarding organ transplantation while supporting the medical definition of the term â€Å"brain death† What is brain death? Physicians and other health care professional have often accepted that a person is deceased when his or her brain is dead. Although the widespread use of mechanical ventilators and other advanced critical care services have transformed the course of terminal neurologic disorders. Through the advancements in medicine and technology, vital signsShow MoreRelatedThe Organ Of Organ Transplantation1426 Words   |  6 Pagesmost significant issues concerning organ transplantation revolves around the just and fair distribution of organs. Due to the assorted and occasionally conflicting opinions of what constitutes as ‘fair’, in concurrence with a relative shortage of donated organs, many social, legal and ethical contentions have arisen. This shortage is portrayed by statistics shown on the NHS organ donation page, where approximately 10,000 people are on the waiting list for a solid organ transplant and approximately 1Read MoreOrgan System Of Organ Trans plantation3687 Words   |  15 PagesStates, Not Just Legal Citizens, Should Automatically Be Considered Organ Donors Unless Otherwise Specified Rough Draft UFID: 9169-9185 June 6, 2015 I. Background According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, organ transplantation is the process of surgically transferring a donated organ into a patient with end-stage organ failure (U.S Dept of health and human services website). End-stage organ failure can be attributed to a number of diseases. Diseases suchRead MoreOrgan System Of Organ Transplantation3687 Words   |  15 PagesStates, Not Just Legal Citizens, Should Automatically Be Considered Organ Donors Unless Otherwise Specified Rough Draft UFID: 9169-9185 June 6, 2015 I. Background According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, organ transplantation is the process of surgically transferring a donated organ into a patient with end-stage organ failure (U.S Dept of health and human services website). End-stage organ failure can be attributed to a number of diseases. Diseases suchRead MoreOrgan Transplantation Is The Removal Of A Healthy Organ1539 Words   |  7 PagesPiechowiak 2nd Period 8th Grade Accelerated Language Arts December 14th, 2015 Organ Transplants Organ transplantation is the removal of a healthy organ from one person and placing it into another whose organ has failed, or is injured. It is known to be life saving 80 percent of the time, but it is a major surgery that carries many me potential risks and complications- the biggest one being organ rejection. (WebMD) Organ transplants have quite some history. The first successful kidney transplant wasRead MoreOrgan Donation and Transplantation 982 Words   |  4 PagesOrgan and tissue donation is life-saving and life transforming medical process wherein organs and tissues were removed from a donor and transplant them to a recipient who is very ill from organ failure. It is said that one organ can save up to 10 people and may improve the lives of thousands more (Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 2011). Most of the donated organs and tissues came from people who already died but in some cases, a living person can donate organs such as kidneys, heart, liver, pancreasRead MoreOrgan Transplantation Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Organ transplantation is a medical act which involves the surgical operating by transferring or removing of an organ from one person to the other, or placing the organ of a donor into the body of a recipient for the replacement of the recipients damaged or failed organ which resulted from impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism or an act that causes someone to receive physical damage. Lately, there is an emerging innovation whereby organs are createdRead MoreThe Commercialization Of Organ Transplantation1660 Words   |  7 Pagesto save the world, [he] would spend fifty-five minutes defining the problem, and only five minutes finding the solution† (Einstein). In the case of the commercialization of organ transplantation, would the ramifications laid by Einstein change if a doctor had only one hour to save the life of a patient in dire need of an organ transplant? An individual that had spent the last three years on a waiting-list? Waiting, years, months, and days without end for a second chance at life. Similar to EinsteinRead MoreNo Secret That The Organ Transplantation917 Words   |  4 Pageshave to be put on a donor list to get a replacement of a diagnosed organ that must be replaced to live. It is no secret that the organ transplantation list has a significant amount of people and every day a handful of them die. A average of twenty one people die ev eryday, according to the American Transplant Foundation. Many scientist and medically certified personals have been trying to come up with alternative genetic modified organs to give to needed patients, instead of waiting for a donor to comeRead MoreEssay about Organ Transplantation978 Words   |  4 PagesOrgan transplantation is, without a hesitation, one of the most major achievements in modern medicine. In many cases, it is the only effective therapy for end-stage organ failure and is broadly practiced around the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 21,000 liver transplants, 66,000 kidney transplants, and 6000 heart transplantation were performed globally in 2005.1 In addition, data showed that living kidney, liver, and lung donations declined, going from 7,004 in 2004Read MoreOrgan Trafficking Is The Illegal Trade Of Human Organs For Transplantation1198 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Trafficking, also known as transplant tourism is the illegal trade of human organs for transplantation. (UNOFC,2016). On the other hand, organ donation is the act of transplanting healthy organs and tissues from one person to another (Medline Plus,2015). It is no secret that organ supply cannot meet the rising demand, and because of that a global organ transplant black market has grown and flourished(Glaser,2005). Although there has been some effort to establish a global organ transplant resolution

Assignment On Applied Of Linguistics and TESOL †Free Samples

Question: Explain Assignment On Applied Of Linguistics and TESOL? Answer: Introduction Conversion of different educational language in a form of activity has appeared to be crucial part of the ESL, since a long time. After its reintroduction along with its entire supremacy of linguistic tactics, conversion was rapidly dispatched to the ancient time past, beside with another custom' equipments like drills, reading aloud, and dictation. Although, such methodologies and alike others are deserted tasks, which have appeared to be tasks application featuring in several communicative classroom as well as useful and helpful in learning, while the proposal for their application has been altered completely. As Duff (1989) explains, students and teachers currently apply conversions for their learning, despite of learning conversion. Contemporary conversions tasks can typically transport through learner 1 to learner 2, (while the reverse way can also be viewed in the assignment along with more precise objectives), includes apparent communicative objectives and authentic cognitive intensity, demonstrate extreme encouragement standards as well as can create remarkable communicative outcomes. Benefits of using authentic materials As recognizing the application of these methodologies for making the effective management of the classroom appears to be really helpful, hence, as considered by McCarthy, M and Carter, R. (1995), as the most possible way to give the expected outcomes by the students. As considering its benefits, it includes for several ESL teachers as well as theorists that currently approaches towards it as the value and validity of conversions as a part of the task in communicative classrooms (while some course material authors provides concepts as well as study materials regarding this sector). There are few types that can be used as the translations and can be useful in giving the favorable results as well as helpful in resolving the issues. It can be: Created finely, translation tasks in the classroom can perform the various techniques as well as the different system. With regarding to the communicative proficiency, they need precision, flexibility, and clarity. Duff: it guides the learner to find (flexibility) out the quite suitable phrases (exactness) to suggest what is expected (lucidity)'. Initiating on from this, conversion is through their character an extremely communicative task; the test is to create assurance regarding the content of being transported is appropriate. Translation among huge number of people can motivate students to argue regarding the use and meaning of language at the extreme feasible standards as they act by the methods of consideration and then viewing for the alike in other speech. Activities As defined by the Brown, H. Douglas. (1994), by using exciting and more interesting activities can help you implementing authentic materials to create joy through the flavouring of your classroom tasks. Below you can find some of the great concepts to gather original materials into your ESL education: Weather report students studying about the U.S. climate, gets exposed to the weather reports and this in return assist them in being aware of the actual concept and knowledge of this sector. Food menus as it can be easily recognized that food is the essential part of every student lives, hence, they should be get introduce to some normal dishes in America, which can help them ordering their food along with confidence. Apply for the job openings this activity can be recognized as the most common task that plays an essential role in every learner. After completing the education, the student seeking for the job should know how to apply for the desired job. He/she clearly know about how to fill details and look for the desired job on website and apply for it. In order to fill the application form provided by many firms on their website, learners should be getting educated to fill every detail in it. Making the report using this activity can help in providing the appropriate chances to explore learners significant thinking ability. Learners can also attain priceless educational experience in information analysis, hence, they can successfully assess the legality of the report as well as prefer it further more than the face worth. Demostration:- Using this activity can help to provide the complete demo of technique to be used into the method.It can be more felxible focus and object oriented factual. More decriptive and presise they are more define and understanadable they are for use. Compilation:- Using this activity for detailing and compiling the entire information along with the data can be very useful for these kind of activities. Make sure to conduct in right way to promote it. Objectives of the classroom tasks A group of huge number of students perform on converting various areas of the words, as well as then reintegrate to link altogether their components into a complete word, with appropriate linking language. Students should get an instance of one language as L1 for discussing and translations to know about the other language L2 education. Students can also get tiny poems, proverbs, and texts and perform in front of the class, defining why they prefer it the most, and after that these texts are used for the translation. Comparisons Students performing in huge count of individuals on tiny words and then reintegrate and evaluate their description, ahead of creating the final outcome. Students convert as well as then other students can convert it back, and then evaluate descriptions and argue why they are unlike. Students should view at the adverse conversion as well as argue the reasons of flaws. Translation application software as well as online sites appears as the better source of such things. Conclusion As the component of communicative ESL classroom, translation proposal is still divisive segments, which aggravate extreme outlooks. Whether you may prefer to exchange your point of views as well as your proposals for the implementation of translation in the classroom, you can do it using the English language. References QAA Higher Education Review. (March 2015). Judgements about standards and quality meet UK expectations. Duff, A. (1989). Translation, OUP. Barlow, M. (1996). Corpora for Theory and Practice. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 1, 1. Richards, J. C. and Lockhart, C. (1994). Reflective Teaching in Second Language Classrooms. CUP McCarthy, M and Carter, R. (1995). Spoken Grammar: what is it and how can we teach it? ELTJVol. 49/3 OUP Johns, T. F. (1994). From Printout to Handout: Grammar and Vocabulary Teaching in the Context of Data-driven Learning in Odlin, T. (ed.) Perspectives on Pedagogical Grammar. CUP Ellis, R. and Hedge. (1993). Second Language Acquisition research: how does it help teachers? An interview with Rod Ellis. ELT Journal 47/1 Chalker, S. (1994). Pedagogical Grammar: Principles and Problems in Bygate et al (eds.) Grammar and the Language Teacher. Prentice Hall International Brown, H. Douglas. (1994). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Prentice Hall Regents Duff, A. (1990). Bringing translation back into the language class (Practical English Teaching 10/3